The emergence and sustained spread of H5N1 in US dairy cattle since 2024 have demonstrated that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is capable of establishing long-term transmission in livestock. Genomic surveillance has clarified national patterns of spatial diffusion, interspecies transmission, and viral evolution, but critical data gaps remain that impede efforts to track virus movements in real time, identify modes of transmission, and inform control efforts.
Journal article
2026-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: jpekar@ed.ac.uk.