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As we move into the late stages of the pandemic, it is important to reflect on the scientific discoveries of the past two years, so that we are better prepared for future virus outbreaks. I believe there are two areas in particular where we can learn from the experience.

Bio-technologists at Oxford Biomedica conducting tests on a sample of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine. Photograph: David Levene/The Guardia
Bio-technologists at Oxford Biomedica conducting tests on a sample of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine. Photograph: David Levene/The Guardian